The Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation Payments

International donors invest billions of dollars to conserve ecosystems in low-income nations. The most common investments aim to encourage commercial activities, such as ecotourism, that indirectly generate ecosystem protection as a joint product. We demonstrate that paying for ecosystem protection directly can be far more cost-effective. Although direct-payment initiatives have imposing institutional requirements, we argue that all conservation initiatives face similar challenges. Thus conservation practitioners would be well advised to implement the Ž rst-best direct-payment approach, rather than a secondbest policy option. An empirical example illustrates the spectacular cost savings that can be realized by direct-payment initiatives. (JEL H21,